General Motors, Lexus, Gmc And Cadillac As A...

INTRODUCTION A. Context General Motors, an American borne company established in 1908, designs, builds and distributes a wide range of cars, trucks, crossovers and automobile parts worldwide. The company’s automotive operations adhere to the demands of consumers stationed internationally through its four primary automotive regions: GM North America, GM Europe, GM International Operations and GM South America. GM North America targets and serves the demands of customers based in North America with vehicles manufactured and marketed under the Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet and GMC brands. The demands of consumers outside of North America are primarily met with vehicles manufactured under the brands Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden,†¦show more content†¦Primary assumptions to the theory include, high barriers to entry and exit, high sunk costs and imperfect knowledge of the market. In addition, this paper will analyze the company’s current standing in the market along with competitive strategies executed to grasp a greater portion of market share. C. Relevance and Reason for Selection of Topic The reason I chose to analyze this market is because I have worked alongside a GMC employee on a customer relations project introduced last year by the company. I was intrigued with the company’s commitment to ‘keeping customers for life’ and their various promotions and incentives offered to do so. I am eager to apply the concept of oligopolistic markets to this market that I can readily access. D. Approach In assessing the market structure in which General Motors is operating in, I will outline the central assumptions and resulting implications of the oligopolistic market structure. I will study both the current competitive behavior of General Motors, as well as sales and cost statistics to determine whether they correspond to the characteristics of firms operating in an oligopoly. I will also examine the

Case 2-1 Carson Container Company - 961 Words

Case 2-1 Carson Container Company Case Questions 1. What problems does Carson Container Company have that will affect its communications? Carson’s decentralized approach to procurement was indicative of its overall strategy toward dealing with its constituencies including employees, customers, shareholders, and communities. This decentralized strategy has affected the Carson’s communications. 2. What specific problems does Mr. Haskell have as a result of his communications to materials managers? As a result of Mr. Haskell’s communications to materials managers, over the next few days, responses came in from all but a few plants. However, over the next several weeks, the headquarters heard nothing from the plants about contracts†¦show more content†¦However, Mr. Haskell did not put consideration on the human resources and time dealing with this new procurement process. The Carson has 30 plants and many employees under procurement department; hence, it is not wise to have Mr. Haskell himself and his assistant, Patricia only to deal with the 30 plant material managers. Apparently, the human resource arrangement is not enough on this matter. Besides, the time chose to run this new procurement process was not appropriate because the time chose was the busiest period for procurement department, hence they would easily neglected the new procurement process. Therefore, the objective of the Carson and Mr. Haskell could not be achieved effectively because the company d id not do appropriate arrangement on the human resource and time arrangement. (c) Constituencies: The constituencies in this case are the 30 plants material managers located in United States regionally. Hence, the attitude of the 30 managers towards this topic is relatively important. However, the results showed that the managers were too busy and they did not put much concerns on this matter. Hence, the objective of Mr. Haskell was not achieved at the end. From this we could see that Mr. Haskell did not analyse its constituencies carefully. He did not understand the material managers’ attitude and opinion towards the new procurement process. He failed in understanding andShow MoreRelatedMeli Marine : An Important Decision For The Company Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This essay contains five critical questions derived from the analysis of the case ‘Meli Marine’ by applying the relevant principles to help the CEO of Meli Marine make an important decision for the company. Critical questions 1. What’s Meli’s budget of entering the Asia-North America market? 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Meli Marine? 3. What are the risks and obstacles of this move? 4. 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World Wide Web and Tool Free Essays

With time going, web has become increasingly popular in our life. I will show you what the web 2. 0 applications is and the description of six different tools or website through this report. We will write a custom essay sample on World Wide Web and Tool or any similar topic only for you Order Now You can also get the information about how webs can help in your studies and a sequence of tool or web site’s value beside the sub titles. The conclusion will include the consequence of our group discussion about our favorite tool/web sites. And reference will be shown in the end. Web 2. 0 applications â€Å"The term Web 2. was coined in 1999 to describe web sites that use technology beyond the static pages of earlier web sites. Tim Berners-Lee is the first person who put forward the conception of web 2. 0. He said that Web is a collaborative medium, a place where we could all meet and read and write. † available at: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/technology/4132752. stm, Mark Lawson, Berners-Lee on the read/write web, BBC News ) Compared with web 1. 0 which just focuses on accessing the information, Web 2. 0 pays more attention on exchange the information.. The individuals can be providers and users at the same time on those websites. Although Web 2. 0 is a new one, it does have an update to any technical specification, the software developers and end user to change the Web- cumulative together. Presentation tool URL: http://prezi. com/ Presentation tools of web2. 0 can let you show presentations whenever you like. The tools won’t be too difficult to be learned. People can find a lot of course of study which will teach you how to use the software. With this tool, presentation can be simple and accessible and the tool can save a myriad of time. For students like me in senior high school, we always need to do a presentation. Doing an outstanding Power point will cost most of time. But with the help of presentational tools like prezi which already have an ocean of stencil plate, we can easily complete a great Power point. And the rest time can be used to practice the speaking. What’s more, Picsviewer and Slide share also have the same function. Video tool URL: http://animoto. com Video tools can help people modify the video and photography automatic. Not all the person has money to buy advanced equipments or has good skill to take photos. So the website like Animoto is a good choice to make your special video without wasting much time. In school, we sometimes will have a play for the ceremony. Not only will it make you after-school activities more colorful, but also it will cost a lot of to treat the music. Now video tool makes it faster to do this thing which can help us keep balance between study and after-school activities better. You can also use Gizmoz or Photo peach to do this thing. Mobile tool URL: http://PollEverywhere. com With the technology improve, people today not only use mobile phone to make the call, they also use it to get picture or flash. Like Poll Everywhere, it will add joy for people to get responses by lively. For students, Mobile tool makes it more easily to get vivid information. Students can remember the image better than the texting. Jott and drop. io also has this function to make the word alive. Search tool UPL: www. myallsearch. com There is a sea of web site on the Internet. People usually don’t have enough to scan all of web site. The search tool like Myallsearch can search result of the Authoritative website, for instance, Google, Ask. com, Yahoo! and Lycos by one click. Searching information is a crucial part of academic essay or other homework which students in high school usually need to do. At first, students are too young to determine whether the site can be trusted. Search tool like featuring Google and Wikipedia can help students to access credible information quickly. Community tool URL: http://edmodo. com Community tool is one of the fundament of Web2. 0. It builds a bridge of communication between teachers and students. Like Edmodo, it is designed specifically for educators to exchange the information about professional knowledge. Tool like Edmodo, Google Doc and Ning is a good platform for teachers and students to exchange the message with each other. Asking questions become easier, and students can get more professional knowledge if they want. Social network URL: www. renren. com Social network like Renren provides an interactive platform for different people. People can know where their friends are and how they feel though a photo or a small sentence. It can also help you make friends who have the same hobbies. For students, we can broaden our horizons though watching various kind of information. We can also use tools like Twitter and Face book to ask friends for suggestion of the problem in study. Conclusion The web2. 0 has been integrated into our daily lives. During this report, we have known the meaning of web2. 0, descriptions six different tools and the effect in our study. After the discussion, we think that our favorite tool is search tool. We can get lots of credible information quickly which can save much time for us to do other things. How to cite World Wide Web and Tool, Papers

Compare and Contrast the Approaches of China and Uk in Respect to Thei

Question: Describe about Compare and Contrast the Approaches of China and Uk in Respect to Their Funding System? Answer: Introduction According to Gass and Bezold (2013) access of information, quality of service and financing costs of the services are the three essential components of the health care system. As per the norms of the WHO every individual should obtain health care services without any financial constraint. The report of the global health care services states that UK make the highest spending in the health and social care services. UK is seen to make the highest payment in the nursing sector by employing around 101 nurses per 10,000 people. In addition to this the per capita government spending of China is around 203 $. Khan and Willis (2009) stated that the funding in the healthcare system basically includes financing for health series, employment of service providers, access to essential medicines and technologies and sufficient training costs. However on viewing of the health care systems of the two country UK and China a contrast was found in the delivery of the systems. 95% of the healthcare transactions in UK are delivered in primary care setting and on the contrary 90% of the health encounters takes place in hospitals in China. Hence compared to UK, China makes larger funding for the purpose of health care services Guanais and Macinko (2009). The report here deals in comparing the funding services of both UK and China in respect of factors like raising through revenues, tax funding, allocation of financial resources, poor health risks, fiscal sustainability, exportability of health care systems and cultural norms and values (Gootnick, 2010). Health care funding in China and UK Raising Enough Revenues According to Mulley (2009) raising of sufficient revenues is essential in order to provide individuals with intended packages of health services. China which is a middle income country has a life expectancy of around 78 years. At present the public health care services of the country are delivered via central government managed public hospitals that are financed by general revenues. In the early years during Maos regime a state sponsored health care system was made to make the public health care system efficient. However Kapiriri et al. (2009) argued that the corruptions in the public financing system provoked the introduction of health challenges like SARS, mental illness, smoking pollution etc in China. However the health care sector continues to develop at an astonishing rate in the country with a projected spending of around $ 1 trillion by the end of 2020. Along with the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) funding has been made in order to include western drugs from international suppliers (Morris et al. 2012). Figure 1: Sources of finance in Healthcare system of China (Source: Hsu, 2013, pp-656) The country is also [planning to make 62% of the funding in the training activities of new doctors and is planning to train around 3, 00,000 physicians in next 5 years. The country is also planning to invest for introduction of the Universal health coverage by the end of 2020. The company is making around 30% of the funding for employing pharmacy companies from UK in order to provide enhanced healthcare services to the citizens (Porter, 2010). Tax based financing system has been considered to be efficient in enhancing of health care services because of the fairness in the system and high degree of political accountability however the same may not be useful in case of all countries like in case of China the system is not effective (Gaag, 2009). The NHS (National Health Service) of United Kingdom helps the health care system to draw the maximum revenue. The main principle fundholders are the NHS primary Care trusts (PCTs) that are mainly commissioned by the GPs, NHS trusts and also private providers. The PCTs pay out funds on contract basis or on agreed tariffs, those guidelines the Department of Health (Light, 2003). The main advantages of using this system are that this system helps to provide political accountability and also helps to improve the health problems that also helps to improve the political stability associated with the system. Considering the macro level, the NHS framework is mainly settled by the government of Westminster. The NHS system has decided to transfer around 2billion by the year 2014to the local authority to reduce the real expenditure. This process would help the UK healthcare system to decrease needless admissions to the hospitals and also discharge of patients etc which would further reduce the pressure of NHS also (nuffieldtrust.org.uk, 2010). However, similar to Chinas healthcare funding system, the UKs NHS has also received few negative outcomes in the recent years. For instance, the mortality rate that is open to the healthcare, then the mortality rate due to few respiratory diseases and also due to cancers or few measures that have been strokes amongst the most developed world. The main objectives of the tax-based National Health Service were that providing full coverage to every member during any kind of health care need. This is helping the health care services of UK to be comprehensive and thus the financial sustainability of the UKs healthcare system is becoming more challenging. Recently, in the year 2013, a new system named Health and Social Care Act 2012 was established which helps to provide better services and the community care and acute services that are handled by the local clinical commissioning groups are led by the GPs (gov.uk, 2014). Health Insurance system and Tax funding The social health insurance (SHI) in China is undergoing massive reforms in the current situation. The Ministry of health and the Ministry of Labor and social security manages the social health insurance and medical insurance systems in China. Majorly two types of health insurance systems prevail within the country namely urban health insurance and rural health insurance. The SHI generally covers workers in formal sector and pools the health risks of the employees. To abolish the old insurance system the country introduced the Urban Employees Basic medical Insurance System in 1998. In comparison to the old insurance system the new system covered the participation of all employees of public and private companies (Meessen et al. 2011). However Wang et al. (2009) opined that the new insurance system had a flaw since it doesnt cover the unemployed, retired and laid off workers within the population. Since the SHI doesnt include the government healthcare institutions hence a new form of d istribution of funds were arranged by China government. Under this plan the distribution of the funds to the government health care institutions were handled by the locality with inclusion of certain cost cutting measures like ceiling on expenditures, creation of co payment system and a formulary of permitted prescription drugs. In the year 2003 the state council issued the rural co operative Health care system to establish health insurance facilities for the rural population. Morris et al. (2012) added that funding in the rural sector has increased the life expectancy of the rural population from 40 to 69 years. The Healthcare system of UK through taxation is very distinct. They have a mixed system that combines both the commercial incentives and the equity. Apart from increasing the health care budgets in the past, the European standards still remain shocking about the services and facilities of NHS. It seems that according to the spending levels of the neighbors of Northern European, there is a need of VAT rate of 27% which would then match up with the levels of spending of people (Boon et al., 2007). However, UK needs to take care of the mixed funding model. People resist increase in the tax as they fear that their money would be wasted due to the unresponsive politicized system. Thus, to remove this fear, there is a need of change in the structure of the system to fill this spending gap. The Social Health Care Insurance system delivers better service with high level of satisfaction. The healthcare system of UK is copayment system structured which is mainly responsible for encouraging the patients to be more responsible as health care users. This helps the UK health care systems to make the additional revenues which can be used for various other essential services. Further, the system of UK makes sure that the people are able to choose various funds which can offer the patients a comprehensive healthcare package (Schieber et al., 2006). Resource Allocation As per the reports of The Economist the western European countries like Germany and Sweden spend more on the health care compared to countries like China. China is seen to make around $ 5450 investment in the health care sector. Unlike the DRG based reimbursements in the European countries China lacks the same opportunities (Hu and Hibel, 2013). Most of the financial reforms have been designed in accordance to enhance the quality side of the health care services. However Asian countries like China have focused on funding of their health care system. The introductions of the insurance coverage expense in training of the professionals have helped China to not only control costs in healthcare but also increase the quality within the system. However as per the reports of WHO report 2000 China was ranked as 144th in the healthcare system ranking because of the lack of equality and lack of government funding. This inequality arises due to the increased range of contribution by the individu als towards the medical insurance schemes compared to the government. The employers contribution for the medical insurance is around 6% and the employee contribution is around 2% of their salary and the local governments are responsible for the management of the contributed funds (Chon, 2010). The UK regions spend more on the per capita GDP of healthcare. According to the Economist Pocket world, the GDP percentages are also high due to the healthcare expenditures. The healthcare system of UK represents the largest expenditure of the world for the governments. The NHS system accounts for 8% of GDP of UK. Since the population of UK is getting older, there is a rise in the co-morbidities and thus requires endless resources to meet their needs. The NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical utilizes the QALYs (Quality Adjusted Life Years) for measuring the outcomes of health and also cost-effectiveness. Through this the system tries to quantify the life length and also life quality (Ministryofethics.co.uk, 2015). The resource allocation of UK is based on quality-outcome framework similar to China. This system is actually narrowing down the gap between the service need of the individuals and also the awareness about that demand and access to the kind of service and also increasing the gains due to the availability of service. Some of the common resource allocation mechanisms that the UKs healthcare system follows are the payment system which is performance-tied, price controls and also PHC control system over the budgets of the hospital (Mossialos et al., 2002). Further, the hospitals in UK are mostly semi-autonomous which helps to solve the political issues. Thus it is important to produce various governance strategies in the tax-funded healthcare system. Further, the Government of UK also uses variety of non-financial and financial mechanism that helps to carry out many services like regulating, mandating, financing also providing various information. Another revenue sources for raising the attention is the efficiency gains. Further, users fees also generate health financing for UK healthcare system (Chang, et al., 2015). Risk Pooling of Health Care According to Pan (2010) the insurance companies in both European and Asian countries are practicing the risk pool method in order to organize financing facilities which can provide protection to the individuals in time of natural disasters as well as other medical emergencies. The pools are made out of mandatory cross subsidies paid by all individuals who are privately insured. The risk pool strategies adopted by the health care units of China has helped the country in financially supporting the citizens at the time of natural disasters and diseases like SARS. The prearranged fund for the medical emergencies maintains the financial stability of the country and also provides support to the affected citizens. Risk pooling in European countries are mainly concerned with the promise of providing support to the individual affected person. However the social culture of China doesnt permit the same hence the risk pooling strategies in China concerns the family and the overall society of the country. Pooling is the healthcare framework capacity whereby gathered healthcare incomes are exchanged to obtaining associations. Pooling guarantees that the risk identified with financing healthcare intercessions is borne by all the parts of the pool and not by every donor independently. Its principle object is to impart the monetary risk connected with healthcare intercessions for which there is indeterminate need (Smith and Witter, 2001). The contentions for risk pooling in human services typify value and effectiveness contemplations. The value contentions reflect the view that society does not consider it to be reasonable that people ought to accept all the risk connected with their social insurance consumption needs. The effectiveness contentions emerge on the grounds that pooling can lead to significant upgrades in populace healthcare can expand profit, and decreases vulnerability related with human services use. Risk pooling is obliged due to the vast vulnerability in the greatness an d timing of a singular's human services use needs. It suggests three redistributive capacities: from the rich to poor people, from the beneficial to the wiped out, and from the profitable to the inefficient phase of the life cycle(Smith and Witter, 2004). The intention of NHS (National Health Service) of UK is to provide equal opportunities to the healthcare users to have access to various services that are mainly needed for the clinical basis, further regardless of other individual characteristics. This helps the society to choose different financial contributions through financial means and also utilization of health care (Broek-Altenburg, 2014). Fiscal Sustainability Fiscal sustainability is the ability of the government to sustain its current spending, tax and other policies in the long run without threatening the government insolvency (Shen et al. 2012).The financial sustainability of the country helps the country to reduce the structural tension within the financing system and in case of the finance sources for the health care systems. However Chinas expenditures are more than the income of the country. In the year 2012 the Chinese governments fiscal income grew by 12.8% however the fiscal expenditure grew by 15.1%. The employment rate of the country is also low and the poverty line is high. Hence the individual contributions of the working individuals towards the health reform policies are lower and hence the funding is also low. The fiscal sustainability policies in China should be improved in terms of public education, health care and environmental protection. The urban and the rural health policies dont include insurance cover for the aged population of 66 years and above. However with the introduction of the one child policy the country is experiencing an economic slowdown and the government has to arrange for the health care funding of the rapidly aging population. Yang et al. (2010) has opined that if the rate of growth of health care spending continues to exceed the rate of growth of income in health care of China then it will affect the fiscal sustainability of the country. As per the reports of the fiscal sustainability around 70% of the age related expenditures in China is due to the health care and long term care costs. The way nations are changing to manage their monetary supportability can be abridged by the words "singular obligation", albeit there is perplexity about the idea of obligation. Clearly, there are contrasts between expense supported and Social Health Insurance (SHI) nations on this issue and nations likewise change by the way they manage their monetary maintainability. Kamiguchi and Tamai, 2011 depict a theoretical system for investigating the suitability of private financing in an openly supported health awareness framework and portray singular obligation joined with health awareness as "a heterogeneous gathering of items, which permits policymakers to settle on choices on apportioning by outline as opposed to default. The NHS lives up to expectations as a team with business social insurance organizations and the scholarly world to create creative, coordinated, great and practical frameworks of consideration. Exceptionally, the UK's business social insurance segment has inside and out experience of working in association with the NHS in arranging and conveying offices, clinical administrations and sending new innovations (Brown, 2003). The dominant parts of NHS administrations are free at the purpose of utilization. This implies that individuals for the most part don't pay anything for their specialist visits, nursing administrations, surgical systems or machines, consumables, for example, medicines and swathes, mortars, therapeutic tests, and examinations, x-beams, CT or MRI checks and so on. Clinic inpatient and outpatient administrations are free, both restorative and mental health administrations. Subsidizing for these administrations is given through general levy and not a particular expense (Jamison, 2006) Since the NHS is not supported by contributory insurance scheme in the normal sense and the majority patients pay nothing for their treatment there is accordingly no charging to the treated individual nor to any guarantor or affliction fund as it is common in numerous different nations. This recoveries immensely on organization costs which may overall include complex consumable following and use methodology at the patient level and attending invoicing, compromise and terrible obligation handling. Health care system exportability A number of developed and developing countries are implementing strategies to export health services to make benefits in the health services. However in some case the local health care service system has suffered due to the extensive exporting of the health care services from other countries. In China the export of the Western Drugs has reduced the sales of the traditional Chinese drugs. However Pauly and Swanson (2013) argued that the development of the exportable health services has contributed to economic and human development in the exporting country. China exports medical devices like diagnostic imaging devices, medical supplies and dental products in order to increase the economic growth of the country in terms of the export. However to maintain a financial sustainability China has also imported western drugs and technologies to face the challenges in healthcare relating to high blood pressure problems, respiratory illness, cardio vascular illness and obesity problems. However the foreign companies have seen increasing market share in the past several years in the medical device market of China. In ultrasonic equipments, ECG, CT, testing equipments and physiological recorder the company recorded the highest amount of goring company control. In contrast to around 60% of the SMEs in China are responsible for production of medical equipments which are also exported to other countries. However Chernichovsky (2013) stated that the domestic industry is consolidating and continuously upgrading in order to compete equally with the mid level technologies and trying to take cost advantage over the foreign competitors. Moreover the China Government is set on building health care centers and upgrades the community in the rural, central and Western parts of China. The main issue that brings in ubiquitous shift in the process of policy making, also shifting from the solidarity cultural value and social cohesion exhibits individuals responsibilities that prevails the driving forces behind the policy and economic reforms. In UK, individuals are mainly responsible towards the long history of health care sustainability. Since the health care system of every country is changing are changing rapidly, the key is incrementalism. Thus, the policy makers must negotiate in an intricate combination for improvement of economic, social and health improvements that help to mitigate or manage the health care services (Gutirrez and Ferrara, n.d.). According to Haseltine (2013), the main success factors of UK healthcare system are the long-term political unity, recognizing ability and also setting up national priorities and also consistently desire towards social harmony and well- being. Due to diverse funding system, the policy makers need to look towards emula ting the healthcare system at wider level. The NHS services for the UK healthcare users are totally based on the permanent residence status. According to this system the citizens of Europe and also other countries of UK where the country have some specific arrangements can receive emergency treatment at free of cost. People who are working as missionary in any organization outside UK are fully exempted from the NHS charges and are generally offered services at free of cost. The rising and high cost of few medicines in IK for examples, medicines needed for cancer treatment are presenting heavy burden on PCTs which is creating issues in healthcare system funding of the system. Due to the impact of social, technological and economic transformation, it is import to maintain the financing system of UK healthcare (Petrou and Wolstenholme, 2000). Values, Norms and Cultures The difference in the cultural values of the Western and the Asian countries influences the formation of the health care reform in both the countries. In UK the social care reforms focus on providing benefits to the individual and on the contrary the health reforms of China focus on providing benefits to the family as a whole. According to Baltagi et al. (2012) Chinas culture considers the individuals as a part of their family, friends and society hence the health insurance are structured accordingly to cover the individual as well as the family members. As a consequence the health care system of China is decentralized in comparison to that of UK. The decentralization of the health care system has bestowed the responsibility of the health care reforms on the local and district health clinics instead of putting the whole pressure on the central government. Yu et al. (2013) added that the idea of decentralization was to increase the citizen participation in the health services and impr ove access to health care and drugs in rural population. However the adoption of this process by the Chinese government has been faced by several problems like lack of financial control, decrease in the overall funding and services provided on the basis on income inequality. Hence these issues prevented the growth of the health care access in China. The major default that occurred in the heath care system of China due to adoption of decentralization was the reduction of medical funds to the rural areas. Moreover the privatization of the health care services in China further imposed price restrictions on the routine services for the individuals. The privatization led to rewarding of bonuses to the physicians who ensured profits to the hospitals. Thus the prevailing cultural system and the decentralization of the health system contributed to inequality in the health care services. The period after devolution was trailed by enormous increments in subsidizing of the NHS over the UK. The NHS in England was obliged to utilize the expanded subsidizing to meet requesting focuses in the arrangement of yearly 'star evaluations', which connected from 2001 to 2005, and consequently in the yearly 'Health Check'. The NHS is for the most part financed from the general tax system (95%) and different installments (5%) under a general plan which is situated by the Ministry and subject to endorsement by Parliament. Insurance based plans are connected with private sectors which developed quickly amid the 80's and early 90's (Public Health and Consumer Protection Series, 1998). In 1995 public hospitals got to be NHS hospital trusts which are currently more autonomous, particularly in utilizing their own medicinal staff and in giving administrations to a more extensive scope of suppliers. They find themselves able to obtain and discard property and arrive and create finances in n ew ways. Hospital trusts contract with the buyers an understanding at costs and the augmentation of gave health administrations. Before change, installment rates for clinical and non-clinical staff were dead set at the focal level. The compensation framework for GPs is a complex mixture of expenses and stipends tagged in their contracts. The real installment is a capitation charge for every patient on the specialist s list. The level of installment relies on upon the age of the patient. A couple of administrations, for example, contraception and immunization are paid charge for-administration. There are likewise motivation installments for accomplishing, for instance, an vaccination target. For dentists, the overwhelming sort of installment is charge for-administration. For Pharmaceuticals there is a negative rundown of non-reimbursable medications. Costs are situated by the industry; however benefits are under control of the focal government. Contraceptives are for nothing out of pocket. The utilization of generics is emphatically advanced in the United Kingdom. The expenses of drug specialists are arranged by the focal government and the profession. Health care consumption in the United Kingdom as an offer of GDP, despite the fact that it has expanded, is low in correlation with other European nations, since it has been under tight focal budgetary control. Conclusion In conclusion, the report highlights the funding system of healthcare system in UK and China. Since, it is a vast area to be discussed the report identified the key areas that contributes to the funding system of healthcare. The report highlights that the healthcare system are generally funded by the government and also offered through government-mandates systems. This helps the healthcare system of UK and China to have access to various personal healthcare services. The report highlights that UK and China, both health care funding systems is based on quality framework. However, it is to be noted that there is some differences in the taxation system in healthcare systems of UK and China. References Baltagi, B., Blien, U., and Wolf, K. (2012). A dynamic spatial panel data approach to the German wage curve. Economic Modelling, 29,pp- 1221. Boon, H., MacPherson, H., Fleishman, S., Grimsgaard, S., Koithan, M., Norheim, A. and Walach, H. (2007). Evaluating Complex Healthcare Systems: A Critique of Four Approaches. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4(3), pp.279-285. Broek-Altenburg, E. (2014). Financing the Health Care System, a Universal Challenge. [online] quidnovi.nl. Available at: https://www.quidnovi.nl/uploads/images/Blokafbeelding/QN2014_3_Financing%20the%20Health%20Care%20System.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb. 2015]. Brown, L. (2003). Comparing Health Systems in Four Countries: Lessons for the United States. Am J Public Health, 93(1), pp.52-56. Chang,, J., Peysakhovich,, F., Zhu, J. and Wang,, W. (2015). The UK Health Care System. [online] assets.ce.columbia.edu. Available at: https://assets.ce.columbia.edu/pdf/actu/actu-uk.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb. 2015]. Chernichovsky, D. (2013). Reforms Are Needed To Increase Public Funding And Curb Demand For Private Care In Israel's Health System.Health Affairs, 32(4), pp.724-733. Chon, D. (2010). Medical Resources and National Homicide Rates: A Cross National Assessment. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 34, pp-97118. England Journal of Medicine Gaag, J. (2009) Health care for the worlds poorest: is voluntary (private) health insurance an option?,in Braun, J., Hill, R.and Pandya-Lorch, R. (eds.)The poorest and hungry: assessments, analyses andactions.Northwest: InternationalFood PolicyResearch Institute,pp. 329-337. Gass, E. and Bezold, M. (2013). Generation Y, Shifting Funding Structures, andHealth Care Reform: Reconceiving the Public Health Paradigm through Social Work.Social Work in Public Health, 28(7), pp.685-693. Gootnick, D. (2010).Global health. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Govt. Accountability Office. gov.uk, (2014). China and the UK: Partners in healthcare. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/271480/Healthcare_UK_China_and_the_UK.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb. 2015]. Guanais, F.C. and Macinko, J. (2009). The Health affects of Decentralizing Primary Care in Brazil. Health Affairs, 28(4), pp- 1127 Gutirrez, A. and Ferrara, G. (n.d.). "Funding health care: the role of public and private, and the role of the actuary". [online] actuaries.org. Available at: https://www.actuaries.org/EVENTS/Congresses/Cancun/health_subject/health_18_castro.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb. 2015]. Haseltine, W. (2013). Affordable excellence. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Hsu, Y. (2013). The efficiency of government spending on health: Evidence from Europe and Central Asia. Social Science Journal, 50, pp- 665673. Hu, A., and Hibel, J. (2013). Educational attainment and self-rated health in contemporary China: A survey based study in 2010. Social Science Journal, 50,pp- 674680. Jamison, D. (2006). Priorities in health. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Kamiguchi, A. and Tamai, T. (2011). ARE FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY AND STABLE BALANCED GROWTH EQUILIBRIUM SIMULTANEOUSLY ATTAINABLE?. Metroeconomica, 63(3), pp.443-457. Kapiriri, L., Norheim, O. and Martin, D. (2009) Fairness and accountability for reasonableness. Do theviews of priority setting decision makers differ across health systems and levels of decision making?,Social Science Medicine, 68(4), pp. 766-773 Khan, S.and Willis, K. (2009) Health Reform in Latin America and Africa: decentralisation, participation and inequalities. Third World Quarterly, 30 (5), pp-991-1005. Light, D. (2003). Universal Health Care: Lessons From the British Experience. Am J Public Health, 93(1), pp.25-30. Meessen, B., Soucat, A. and Sekabaraga, C. (2011) Performance-based financing: just a donor fad or acatalyst towards comprehensive health-care reform?,Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89(2),pp. 153-156. Ministryofethics.co.uk, (2015). Resource Allocation - Ministry of Ethics .co.uk. [online] Available at: https://www.ministryofethics.co.uk/?p=9 [Accessed 2 Feb. 2015]. Morris, S., Devlin, N., Parkin, D. and Spencer, A. (2012)Economic analysis in health care.2nd edn. WestSussex: John Wiley Sons. Mossialos, E., Dixon, A., Figueras, J. and Kutzin, J. (2002). Funding HealthCare Options for Europe. [online] euro.who.int. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/98310/E74485.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb. 2015]. Mulley, A. (2009) Inconvenient truths aboutsupplier induced demand and unwarranted variation in medical practice,BMJ, 339, p. b4073. nuffieldtrust.org.uk, (2010). funding and performance of health care systems in the four countries. [online] Available at: https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/sites/files/nuffield/funding_and_performance_of_healthcare_systems_in_the_four_countries_report_full.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb. 2015]. Pan, Y. (2010). On the impact of fiscal decentralization reform on public supply of health care. Health Economics Research, 12,pp- 1518. Pauly, M. and Swanson, A. (2013).Social impact bonds in nonprofit health care. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Petrou, S. and Wolstenholme, J. (2000). A Review of Alternative Approaches to Healthcare Resource Allocation. PharmacoEconomics, 18(1), pp.33-43. Porter, M. (2010) What is value in health care?,The New England Journal ofMedicine, 363(26), pp.2477-2481 Public Health and Consumer Protection Series, (1998). HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS IN THE EU A COMPARATIVE STUDY. [online] europarl.europa.eu. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/saco/pdf/101_en.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb. 2015]. Schieber, G., Baeza, C., Maier, M. and Kress, D. (2006). Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries: Chapter 12-Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century. 2nd ed. Washington DC: World Bank. Shen, C., Jing, J., and Zou, H. (2012). Fiscal decentralization in China: History, impact, challenges and next steps. Annals of Economics and Finance, 13, pp-151. Smith, P. and Witter, S. (2001). Risk Pooling in Health Care Finance. [online] citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.202.9281rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed 2 Feb. 2015]. Smith, Peter C.; Witter, Sopie N.. 2004.Risk Pooling in Health Care Financing : The Implications for Health System Performance. World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13651 License: CC BY 3.0 Unported Wang, N., Gericke, C. and Sun, H. (2009) Comparison of health care financing schemes before and aftermarket reforms in Chinas urban areas,Frontiers of Economics in China, 4(2), pp. 173-191. Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, et al. (2010) Prevalence of Diabetes among Men and Women in China. The New Yu, Y., Zhang, L., Li, F., and Zheng, X. (2013). Strategic interaction and the determinants of public health expenditures in China: a spatial panel perspective. Annals of Regional Science, 50, pp-203221.

Tsunamis Causes

Introduction Tsunamis are series of the ocean waves with very long wavelengths, hundreds of kilometers away, being brought about by various processes like sub marines, landslides, glacier calving, volcanic eruptions, meteorite impacts but greatly by earthquakes. It is formed in the ocean and big lakes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tsunami’s Causes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tsunami originated from the Japanese words ‘tsu’ meaning ‘harbor’ and ‘nami’ meaning ‘wave’ to make a ‘harbor wave’. Tsunamis have in the past and present brought catastrophic devastation to property and human death like in North East of Japan, on March 11, 2011. We shall dwell on the Shifts in the Tectonic plates as the reasoning behind the Tsunamis, but we have to understand the concept involved in the movement of the plate tectonics then how the earthq uake will be generated to result into tsunami. Plate Tectonics These are movements of the lithospheric plates. Tectonics is movement and deformation of the crust, which integrate the ancient theory of continental drift. Plates are the â€Å"lithospheric plates which are about 100 kilometers or more† (Earth Quake Museum, 2011, p. 1). Plate tectonics mostly produces earthquake. It should be noted that, â€Å"the earth crust consist of plates sections that float on the molten rock of the mantle† (Earth Quake Museum, 2011, p. 1). The movement of the plates is due to the conventional current. Conventional current is brought about by relationship between the densities of the fluid to its temperature. We can say that convectional current is the flow that transfers heat within a fluid by setting in motion by the heating and cooling of the fluid which changes in its density and continues as long as it heats. The magma containing material at very high temperatures â€Å"rises a nd spreads on the surfaces creating a new crust which spreads out forming a new plate, until it meets other plates† (Earth Quake Museum, 2011, p. 1). After such a mechanism, â€Å"then one of the plates will pushed down into the inferior of the earth and reabsorbed in the mantle; plates can also compress to push up the mountains when they collide or move sideways along the transform faults† (Earth Quake Museum, 2011, p. 1). The process of plates’ movements is a bit detailed as explained by the Geography site below: One of the most famous examples of plates sliding past each other is the San Andreas Fault in California. Here the two plates, the Pacific plate and the North American plate both move in a roughly in the northwesterly direction, but one is moving faster than the other. The San Francisco area is prone to many small earthquakes every year as the two plates grind against each other. (Geography site, 2006, p. 1)Advertising Looking for research paper o n geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Plate Boundaries The above diagram shows, â€Å"Divergent Boundaries occur at Oceanic Ridges, where new Oceanic lithosphere is formed and moves away from the ridge in opposite directions† (The Earth and Beyond, 2011, p. 1). Shown above: â€Å"convergent Boundaries occur where oceanic lithosphere is pushed back into the mantle, marked by oceanic trenches and subduction zones† (The Earth and Beyond, 2011, p. 1). Two types are possible – â€Å"When two plates of oceanic lithosphere converge oceanic lithosphere is subducted beneath oceanic lithosphere; when ocean lithosphere runs into a plate with continental lithosphere, the oceanic lithosphere is subducted beneath the continental lithosphere† (The Earth and Beyond, 2011, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tsunami’s Causes specifically for you for only $16.0 5 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Transform Boundaries occur where two plates slide past one another horizontally; the San Andreas Fault, in California is a transform fault† (The Earth and Beyond, 2011, p. 1). â€Å"Continental rifting may create a new divergent margin and evolve into an oceanic ridge, such as is occurring in East Africa and between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate† (The Earth and Beyond, 2011, p. 1). It has been shown that the plates play very significant role in making the earth crust unstable: Continental lithosphere collide to join two plates together, such as has occurred recently where the Indian Plate has collided with the Eurasian Plate to form the Himalaya Mountains. Plate tectonics explains why earthquakes occur where they do, why volcanoes occur where they do, how mountain ranges form, as well as many other aspects of the Earth.   It is such an important theory in understanding how the Earth works. (The Earth and Beyo nd, 2011, p. 1)Advertising Looking for research paper on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How Earthquake will generate tsunami After fault has been created the earthquake will occur on it due to the massive violent movement as the two plates compress one another or override one another causing heavy pressure on the underlying rock. This causes vibrations or shockwaves to go through ground. As the solid rock plate moves up beneath the sea, â€Å"there is a sudden movement within the crust or mantle and concentric shock waves moves out of that point† (Geography site, 2006, p. 1). The point of origin is referred as the focus, where in a radius of around 250 miles the effect is greatly felt, and the point directly above the surface is called the epicenter (Geography site, 2006). A Tsunami is formed when â€Å"the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water† (Geography site, 2006, p. 1). Earth’s crust deforms from at points below the ocean consequently disturbing the overlying mass of water. The process continues as thus: The w ater above is displaced from its equilibrium position. The waves will be as result of the displacement of the water mass, which act under influence of gravity, to regain its equilibrium position. The potential energy that results from the uplifting or pushing of the water above mean level is then transferred to horizontal propagation of tsunami wave which possess the kinetic energy. (Tsunami, 2011, p. 1) Tsunamis will results when a large sea floor elevate. Within several minute of earthquake, the initial, panel 1, is split into a tsunami that travels out of the deep ocean and another travelling to the nearby coast (Tsunami, 2011). The tsunami will be greatly affected as it travels through the ocean where the rate at which the wave loses its energy is related to its wavelength. At deep waters the wave will travel at a very high velocity and as it approached the shoe or as the depth decreases the speed of the wave decreases; however the energy of the wave remains constant. Conclusion From the above study, tsunamis are produced or generated by the plate tectonic beside where the movement of the tectonics due to convectional current due to the heat coming from the earth center. This produces the movement of the plate where one plate moves toward the other and collide resulting in the faults being formed. This movement causes a ground shaking movement resulting into elastic waves travelling through the solid earth where one plate is emerged above the other and this causes an upward movement. The upward movement causes the water above to be displaced, pushing a large volume of water upwards and the potential energy involved is transformed to horizontal kinetic energy which is massive causing formation of a wave of water which is the tsunami. For the last tsunamis they have occurred through this method. References Geography site. (2006). What causes an earthquake? Web. The Earth and beyond. (2011). The earth and beyond, plate tectonics. Web. The Earthquake Museum. ( 2011). What causes earthquakes? Web. Tsunami. (2011). Tsunamis. Web. This research paper on Tsunami’s Causes was written and submitted by user Yaritza Levy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Field Marshal Jeffery Amherst in the French Indian War

Field Marshal Jeffery Amherst in the French Indian War Jeffery Amherst - Early Life Career: Jeffery Amherst was born January 29, 1717, in Sevenoaks, England. The son of lawyer Jeffery Amherst and his wife Elizabeth, he went on to become a page in the household of the Duke of Dorset at age 12. Some sources indicate that his military career began in November 1735 when he was made an ensign in the 1st Foot Guards. Others suggest that his career began as a cornet in Major General John Ligoniers Regiment of Horse in Ireland that same year. Regardless, in 1740, Ligonier recommended Amherst for promotion to lieutenant. Jeffery Amherst - War of the Austrian Succession: Through the early years of his career, Amherst enjoyed the patronage of both Dorset and Ligonier. Learning from the gifted Ligonier, Amherst was referred to as his dear pupil. Appointed to the generals staff, he served during the War of the Austrian Succession and saw action at Dettingen and Fontenoy. In December 1745, he was made a captain in the 1st Foot Guards and given a commission as a lieutenant colonel at large in the army. As with many of the British troops on the Continent he returned to Britain that year to aid in putting down the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745. In 1747, the Duke of Cumberland took overall command of British forces in Europe and selected Amherst to serve as one of his aides-de-camp. Acting in this role, he saw further service at the Battle of Lauffeld. With the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, Amherst moved into peacetime service with his regiment. With the outbreak of the Seven Years War in 1756, Amherst was appointed to be the commissariat for the Hessian forces that had been gathered to defend Hanover. During this time, he was promoted to colonel of the 15th Foot but remained with the Hessians. Jeffery Amherst - The Seven Years War: Largely fulfilling an administrative role, Amherst came to England with the Hessians during an invasion scare in May 1756. Once this abated, he returned to Germany the following spring and served in the Duke of Cumberlands Army of Observation. On July 26, 1757, he took part in Cumberlands defeat at the Battle of Hastenbeck. Retreating, Cumberland concluded the Convention of Klosterzeven which removed Hanover from the war. As Amherst moved to disband his Hessians, word came that the convention had been repudiated and the army was re-formed under Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick. Jeffery Amherst - Assignment to North America: As he prepared his men for the coming campaign, Amherst was recalled to Britain. In October 1757, Ligonier was made overall commander-in-chief of British forces. Disheartened by Lord Loudons failure to seize the French fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island in 1757, Ligonier made its capture a priority for 1758. To oversee the operation, he chose his former pupil. This was a stunning move as Amherst was relatively junior in the service and had never commanded troops in battle. Trusting Ligonier, King George II approved the selection and Amherst was given the temporary rank of major general in America. Jeffery Amherst - Siege of Louisbourg: Departing Britain on March 16, 1758, Amherst endured a long, slow Atlantic crossing. Having issued detailed orders for the mission, William Pitt and Ligonier ensured that the expedition sailed from Halifax before the end of May. Led by Admiral Edward Boscawen, the British fleet sailed for Louisbourg. Arriving off the French base, it encountered Amhersts arriving ship. Reconnoitering the shores of Gabarus Bay, his men, led by Brigadier General James Wolfe, fought their away ashore on June 8. Advancing on Louisbourg, Amherst laid siege to the town. After series of fights, it surrendered on July 26. In the wake of his victory, Amherst considered a move against Quebec, but the lateness of the season and news of Major General James Abercrombies defeat at the Battle of Carillon led him to decide against an attack. Instead, he ordered Wolfe to raid French settlements around the Gulf of St. Lawrence while he moved to join Abercrombie. Landing in Boston, Amherst marched overland to Albany and then north to Lake George. On November 9, he learned that Abercrombie had been recalled and that he had been named commander-in-chief in North America. Jeffery Amherst - Conquering Canada: For the coming year, Amherst planned multiple strikes against Canada. While Wolfe, now a major general, was to attack up the St. Lawrence and take Quebec, Amherst intended to move up Lake Champlain, capture Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga) and then move against either Montreal or Quebec. To support these operations, Brigadier General John Prideaux was dispatched west against Fort Niagara. Pushing forward, Amherst succeeded in taking the fort on June 27 and occupied Fort Saint-Frà ©dà ©ric (Crown Point) in early August. Learning of French ships at the northern end of the lake, he paused to build a squadron of his own. Resuming his advance in October, he learned of Wolfes victory at the Battle of Quebec and of the citys capture. Concerned that the entirety of the French army in Canada would be concentrated at Montreal, he declined to advance further and returned to Crown Point for the winter. For the 1760 campaign, Amherst intended to mount a three-pronged attack against Montreal. While troops advanced up the river from Quebec, a column led by Brigadier General William Haviland would push north over Lake Champlain. The main force, led by Amherst, would move to Oswego then cross Lake Ontario and attack the city from the west. Logistical issues delayed the campaign and Amherst did not depart Oswego until August 10, 1760. Successfully overcoming French resistance, he arrived outside of Montreal on September 5. Outnumbered and short on supplies, the French opened surrender negotiations during which he stated, I have come to take Canada and I will take nothing less. After brief talks, Montreal surrendered on September 8 along with all of New France. Though Canada had been taken, the war continued. Returning to New York, he organized expeditions against Dominica and Martinique in 1761 and Havana in 1762. He was also forced to send troops to expel the French from Newfoundland. Jeffery Amherst - Later Career: Though the war with France ended in 1763, Amherst immediately faced a new threat in the form of a Native American uprising known as Pontiacs Rebellion. Responding, he directed British operations against the rebelling tribes and approved a plan to introduce smallpox among them through the use of infected blankets. That November, after five years in North America, he embarked for Britain. For his successes, Amherst was promoted to major general (1759) and lieutenant general (1761), as well as accumulated a variety of honorary ranks and titles. Knighted in 1761, he built a new country home, Montreal, at Sevenoaks. Though he turned down command of British forces in Ireland, he accepted the position of governor of Guernsey (1770) and lieutenant-general of the Ordnance (1772). With tensions rising in the colonies, King George III asked Amherst to return to North America in 1775. He declined this offer and the following year was raised to the peerage as Baron Amherst of Holmesdale. With the American Revolution raging, he was again considered for command in North America to replace William Howe. He again refused this offer and instead served as commander-in-chief with the rank of general. Dismissed in 1782 when the government changed, he was recalled in 1793 when war with France was imminent. He retired in 1795 and was promoted to field marshal the following year. Amherst died August 3, 1797, and was buried at Sevenoaks. Selected Sources Canadian Biography: General Jeffrey AmherstJeffrey Amherst Biography

Digital culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Digital culture - Essay Example Another aspect to preference of technology over the human relation is the element of no strings attached factor. It does not demand time in return, no attention, and, discard and replace as one pleases. It is available when needed and it disappears when not needed. It does not bring along major liabilities with itself, certain amount of investment and the technology is man kind’s slave without any major demand for returns which is characteristic element of human beings. This age is rightly called the robot age since emotions have gone on to the back scene, what is needed and demanded by the people is task accomplishment and material objects achievement. This all is possible through technology and hence without a second word, a compromise in the manner in which human beings relate to each other and more reliance on the technology (Turkle, 2011). People are so much taken over by the needs that they relate more to the materials and sources that fulfill their needs than those who are their own clan- the human beings. While the web 1.0 served mainly professional services, and had reduced segment of companion ship, the modern form web 2.0, has patched up and made for the short comings. In other words, it has totally subjugated the human beings. It offers much more than was offered by the earlier form, namely social networks, blogs, chat options. All these tools and utilities have concreted the relationship between the two and hence abridged the relation with in the human beings. Weather forecasts, road navigation, in past all these and many more things were subject to human interpretation and guidance, with the technology around, they are just a few touches away from on the devices that mostly occupy our hands and tables-gadgets. Older generations relied on the human factor, there was more place for values, and relationship fulfillment because there was no element of science and it’s gifted. These gifts have

Is celebrity culture part of a social hierarchy Refer to at least two Essay

Is celebrity culture part of a social hierarchy Refer to at least two academic sources in your answer and provide examples - Essay Example While political leaders and aristocracy still hold high importance and are themselves now celebrities, being a celebrity no longer requires political attachment. Television and film have become vehicles for celebrity, created through popularizing the image of actors and putting their personal lives in view of the public. In the more recent period of time where new media has become a concept from which public attention is developed, anyone with the proper equipment can find a way in which to gain the notice of the public, creating a sensation that provides instant, if often short-lived, celebrity. While gaining celebrity requires the smallest reason in order to gain the public’s attention, status within the category of celebrity has an informal, but crucial range of importance. Rolph and Kirby define the term celebrity through earlier English terminology in contrast to contemporary usage. Earlier terminology refers to giving honour and dignity upon someone who had earned this s tatus. The current usage refers only to someone who has gained attention, the concept of honour and dignity far removed from the culture of celebrity. In reference to the more contemporary usage, Rolph and Kirby state that a celebrity is someone who has â€Å"the condition of being much extolled or talked about† (Rolph and Kirby, 172). ... They argue that while some scholars consider the concept of ’celebrity’ to have been in existence throughout history, going back as far as Alexander the Great in order to define those who have had celebrity status. Other scholars suggest that celebrity is primarily a social construct that came into existence with the equalization of the common man through the â€Å"democratization of reputation† (Rolph and Kirby, 174). They further the argument of the contemporary nature of celebrity by suggesting that it is more defined by the late twentieth century as it has been â€Å"premised on the economic conditions of capitalism† as reputation has become commoditized (Rolph and Kirby, 174). Celebrity has been developed through the need to create attention for individuals who then capitalize on that attention in order to earn money. However, it must be noted that often it is the managers and owners of the medium through which the celebrity works who promote the sens ationalized popularity of the individual on whom the celebrity is centred. Social hierarchy has existed throughout history, different sets of people being divided by sometimes arbitrary definitions from which status is gained or lost. According to Sidanius and Pratto, social hierarchy that is defined by gender and age are universal across cultures. However, groups that have been created in response to the development of the culture have more arbitrary definitions for how social hierarchy is defined. The creation of arbitrary sets of social groups, like that of celebrity, is usually caused by the increase economic surplus as it is sustained within a culture (Sidanius and Pratto, 299). In other words, as disposable income rises and survival is less relevant in priority,

History of fast food restaurants in America Research Paper

History of fast food restaurants in America - Research Paper Example Fast foods include tacos, ice creams, hot dogs, fried chicken, juices, chicken nuggets, meat pies, pizzas, sausages, chips and sandwiches. Other foods that are often served in fast food restaurants are mashed potatoes, salads and chilli. One of the main characteristic of fast food restaurants is that they often maintain a limited menu, with or without seating space. This paper will analyse the history of fast food restaurants in the US tracing its development especially from the 1920s to date. Before the fast food restaurants gained ground, such foods as hamburger sandwiches and hotdogs had been big business in the early 1900s, their popularity bolstered by the holding of the St Louis World’s Fair. The first pizzeria in the United States of America opened in 1905 setting stable ground for the establishment of fast food restaurants (Famouswhy, 2010). Before the establishment of what is today known as the fast food restaurant in the US, White Castle, founded in Kansas’ Wichita was already established in 1921 (Howstuffworks, 2010). Then, most people assumed that burgers that were being sold in circuses, lunch counters, carts and fairs were of low quality. The assumption was based on the belief that hamburgers were made of soiled meat and scraps gotten from slaughterhouses. Taking note of this damning misconception, White Castles owners endeavoured to ensure that this misconception was destroyed. The founders of White Castle started to prepare their hamburgers in a manner that customers would appreciate. Their restaurants prepared the hamburgers such that clients saw how the ingredients were being mixed and the food cooked (Howstuffworks, 2010). They also painted their restaurants white and gave them names that suggested high levels of hygiene. With time, the popularity of the restaurant chain grew especially in the East and Midwest parts of the US. The

Ethical Review Process: a Case Study

Ethical Review Process: a Case Study Ethical review of Case Study 2. Analysis of case study 2: Study design: This study aims to assess the following primary objectives: Maternal and infant feeding practices. Nutrition advice to Caucasian low-income post-partum women that receive Healthy Start vouchers Nutrition advice to general population of Pakistani women. However, it also aims to assess other secondary objectives including: Dietary intakes of Caucasian low-income post-partum women receiving Healthy Start vouchers using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Diet of the general population of Pakistani post-partum women using 24hr. dietary recalls. Determine influences on breastfeeding initiation, duration and weaning practices in Caucasian post-partum women receiving Healthy Start vouchers and of the general population of post-partum Pakistani women. Determine how area of deprivation, ethnicity, maternal age, educational level, dietary intake, coking ability and shopping behaviour influence infant feeding practices. Determine whether the introduction of Healthy start vouchers will have an effect on the nutrient intakes and eating patterns of new mothers and their infants. Determine if dietary information recommended under the Healthy Start initiative to low-income new mothers is delivered. Design: The study will be conducted similarly for both ethnic groups. The participating mothers will be contacted to arrange for a home visit (face-to-face interview) where a member of the nutrition research team (NRT) will administer a validated subject information questionnaire (SIQ) and an infant feeding questionnaire (IFQ). For the Pakistani women a 24-hr recall will also be performed during the home visits whereas for the Caucasian women a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) will be performed during the home visits. . Thereafter, an IFQ will be administered to both ethnic groups by a member of the NRT over the telephone at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12 months post-partum. During these phone interviews the Pakistani population will also undergo a 24-hr recall whereas the Caucasian population will undergo an FFQ. Validity of research methods: Telephone interviews with relevant questionnaires are acceptable methods to gather enough information to answer the questions and objectives. However, validated questionnaires are required to assess their adequacy to answer the research questions. The face-to-face interview (home visit) might not be a valid method of assessment as the mother might be unfocused (constantly thinking on the wellbeing of the child) and uneasy especially if she is alone with the interviewer. This in turn could lead to possible risks and insurance issues to the researchers. Sample Size: The data presented only contained a range of how many participants will participate in each cohort (Caucasians -200-250, Pakistani – 150-200). There was no information whether the lower limit of the ranges was the actual sample size needed. Also, there is no data on how these ranges where obtained, no power calculation or data on how this was performed were included. In addition, as the ranges Analysis of discussion board From the start, all taking part in the committee noticed several discrepancies in the study. Primarily, we all noticed that there is no prior mentioning on how the researchers got permission to access (with the help of a midwife) potential participants medical notes. This raises serious doubt on the researchers eligibility to filter among potential participants before these could be contacted and asked for consent. I am also doubtful on why the Pakistani women are being selected. Are these being used as a representative for ethnic minorities which are on low incomes? There was no claim for this in the application and would therefore need further backing from literature or relevant statistics. The personal information sheet (PIS) is easy to understand and clear, however in some verses it was deemed to be informal (ex. â€Å"you may have to pay for it†), misleading, as in the PIS the participant is told that the data collected will be destroyed. However, in this application it is claimed that data will be stored for 5 years prior to destruction. In the PIS it is claimed that the study will be used to develop a screening tool, however this does not feature in the long list of aims and objectives presented in this application. In addition, there is no mention on what happens to data collected from participants if they eventually withdraw from the study, if data can be used by other researchers or even by third parties or on what criteria where these mothers contacted for participation. This could lead to a breach in confidentiality and may have been omitted as participation rates could suffer, nevertheless this needs further clarification and amending. Other questions have arisen on the study design, I was not convinced by the long list of objectives the study has as it makes the study unfocused. The 24-hour recall method used to collect data from Pakistani women only, is not explained and cannot be assessed on its validity for the study or whether needs ethical consideration. Anonymity and confidentiality was another issue raised. Although the researcher claims that confidentiality will be maintained at all times with each participant being assigned a code to maintain confidentiality, each participant will have her phone number and address recorded for the interviews, which could give the opposite result. This is further enhanced sine in one cohort a minority group is being assessed and participants can be easily identify. Feedback to Researchers Provisional opinion (Sub-committee) (changes required documentation) Provide copies of all questionnaires (validated). Why different questionnaires are used for the two population cohorts? Different methods used may give non-comparable results. Has proper permission from the potential participants been sought to filter through patient medical notes? Please provide any declarations or permission forms which state this. Can and will data gathered from this research be accessible by other potential researchers any third parties? How many participants are required to participate in the study? Include data on how power calculation was performed. Please provide information on how the 24-hour recall will be performed, what questions will be asked and provide the validated questionnaire that will be used. Include the following additional information in the PIS: Data storage time after study is complete. Why the participants have been approached and contacted for this study. Some sections need rewording as they can be deemed as informal or inappropriate (eg. â€Å"You may have to pay for it†). Clarify whether the study will be used to develop a screening tool as this is not mentioned in the aims of the study. Include whether data can be accessed by other potential researchers or third parties in the 5 year time window after study has been conducted. Address syntax errors in the inclusion and exclusion criteria used as these are the complete opposite of what the study is trying to achieve. Why are only Pakistani women included in one of the population cohorts? What is there significance? It is advised to focus on fewer aims and objectives to make the study more focused and retain better results. What happens to the data if participant withdraws from study? Why is data retained for 5 years before being destroyed? Why is this not stated in the PIS? Can data be retrieved by other potential researchers or third parties? The PIS states that the study will also be used to develop a screening tool, why is this not stated in the aims and objectives of the study? What is the potential to use home visits? Will this be beneficial or allow for more distress to the mother? Especially if she is alone. In the case that new mothers in both cohorts are found to need further care, is the advice extended to them even after the study is complete? Ethical Issues: Social or Scientific value The introduction of Healthy Start vouchers has helped low-income mothers to improve diet and feeding habits as these are deemed to be important for the developing child as it will help him decide what food is better for them. This study will help provide evidence to improve guidelines and also improve dietary advice given to these vulnerable mothers. Scientific validity Phone interviews and questionnaires are deemed an accept6able method to collect data for this study. However, face-to-face interviews (home visits) might not be as beneficial as stated as they might cause more distress to the mother. Fair participant selection The research team stated that the study conducted will ensure that participant confidentiality will be maintained by assigning a code to each participant. However, recording of phone numbers and addresses as will be necessary to conduct face-to-face and telephone interviews might not aid in this process especially with regard of the child. Favorable risk benefit ratio The study will has the potential of achieving evidence that will in the future give better advice to future new mothers that might be at risk. However, certain shortcomings still need attention. Informed consent Oral consent will first be sought from the participant, written consent will then be sought for the new mothers to participate in the study. However, no information regarding consent in accessing potential participant medical notes has been presented. Respect for potential and enrolled participants Home visits might be deemed as a distress for the new mothers as they will have to undergo an interview in their own home which might be uneasy. Also, access to the participants medical notes with prior consent is a complete breach of confidentiality and respect.

Riley King :: essays research papers

Riley King A.K.A. : B. B. King 	Life span: 1925-???? 	Style Synopsis: Style is the word that describes the way that B.B. He uses signature tremolo and "T-Bone Walker" influenced jazzy sounding blues riffs. Also, in words of B.B., "I don't do no chords". He can also tell when muted notes are more necessary than full notes. Biography 	For as long as anyone can remember, B.B. King has reigned as the "King Of Blues." With his Gibson guitar named Lucille, along with his unique vocals, king has put out some of the most down-home sounds in African-American music. B.B. King, the world's greatest blues singer had- like a lot of people- had some hard times. Born in 1925 in Itta Bena, Mississippi., King lived with his mother until he was nine. When his mother died he lived alone, taking care of himself by working in cotton fields that were owned by the people who had employed his mother, this was the time of the Depression , and the period when he started learning the guitar. He worked as a disc jockey at the Memphis radio station WDIA in 1949, where he picked up the stage name "The Beale Street Blues Boy," He was influenced by jazz guitarist Charlie Christian, as well as countless other blues musicians including T-Bone Walker. Among the many songs he eternalized, "The Thrill Is Gone" is perhaps his most enduring, he aslo won several Grammy's for that song and the albums "There Must Be a Better World Somewhere", "My Guitar Sings The Blues", "Live at San Quentin", "Live at the Apollo", an d "Blues Summit". He received along with other numerous awards the Grammy Lifetime Achievments Award in 1987. Still on the road and recording for MCA, with Lucille , B.B. King is still showing the world the blues is here to stay. 	King started his career as a teenage professional musician on the streets of Memphis during the 1940s. He played gospel and blues on street corners for tips. Concerned in whether or not to play gospel or Blues, he decided to integrate both styles. In 1951, B. B. King had his first hit song ,"3 O'clock Blues.'' The song was so successful, record producers signed the young man from his Memphis, Tenn. home and send him to New York City, where he shortened his stage name from Beale Street Blues Boy to "B.B.'' 	Over the past forty years, King has been called the master of blue using his many styles of gospel, jazz, and blues, which has influenced all blues and rock guitarists.